From 760f947c00e188a334ef5357b4b3fb0a1b545e5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: veclav talica <veclavtalica@protonmal.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2024 22:38:35 +0500
Subject: [PATCH] push .static contents

---
 .gitattributes                                |   2 +
 .gitignore                                    |   5 +-
 .../2d-visibility/.static/Visibility2D.gd.txt | 178 +++++++++++
 articles/2d-visibility/.static/example.gif    |   3 +
 .../hand-opt-simplex-2d/.static/noise.png     |   3 +
 .../.static/incremental-delaunay.zig.txt      | 286 ++++++++++++++++++
 articles/incremental-delaunay/.static/web.png |   3 +
 articles/vector-pi-rotation/.static/noise.png |   3 +
 8 files changed, 482 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 .gitattributes
 create mode 100644 articles/2d-visibility/.static/Visibility2D.gd.txt
 create mode 100644 articles/2d-visibility/.static/example.gif
 create mode 100644 articles/hand-opt-simplex-2d/.static/noise.png
 create mode 100644 articles/incremental-delaunay/.static/incremental-delaunay.zig.txt
 create mode 100644 articles/incremental-delaunay/.static/web.png
 create mode 100644 articles/vector-pi-rotation/.static/noise.png

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a9d8e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+*.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.gif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index bec3509..472fdf2 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 **/__pycache__/*
 html/
-**/.*/
+./.*/
+[articles/**/.static/]
+articles/**/.dynamic/
+articles/**/.temp/
 **/*.jpg/
 **/*.png/
 **/*.upload-checksum
diff --git a/articles/2d-visibility/.static/Visibility2D.gd.txt b/articles/2d-visibility/.static/Visibility2D.gd.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c3b945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/2d-visibility/.static/Visibility2D.gd.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+extends Node
+class_name Visibility2D
+
+# Based on: https://www.redblobgames.com/articles/visibility/Visibility.hx
+
+# Limitations:
+# - Segments cant intersect each other, splitting is required for such cases.
+
+# todo: Make it extend plain object, handle lifetime manually.
+class EndPoint:
+    var point: Vector2
+    var begin: bool
+    var segment: int
+    var angle: float
+
+    static func sort(p_a: EndPoint, p_b: EndPoint) -> bool:
+        if p_a.angle > p_b.angle: return true
+        elif p_a.angle < p_b.angle: return false
+        elif not p_a.begin and p_b.begin: return true
+        else: return false
+
+var _endpoints: Array # of EndPoint
+var _sorted_endpoints: Array # of EndPoint
+var _open: PoolIntArray # of Segment indices
+
+var center: Vector2
+var output: PoolVector2Array
+
+# todo: Ability to cache builder state for static geometry.
+class Builder:
+    var target
+
+    func view_point(p_point: Vector2) -> Builder:
+        target.center = p_point
+        return self
+
+    # todo: Use it to cull out endpoints out of working region.
+    func bounds(p_area: Rect2) -> Builder:
+        target._add_segment(p_area.position, Vector2(p_area.end.x, p_area.position.y))
+        target._add_segment(Vector2(p_area.end.x, p_area.position.y), p_area.end)
+        target._add_segment(p_area.end, Vector2(p_area.position.x, p_area.end.y))
+        target._add_segment(Vector2(p_area.position.x, p_area.end.y), p_area.position)
+        return self
+
+    func line(p_line: Line2D) -> Builder:
+        for i in range(0, p_line.points.size() - 1):
+            target._add_segment(p_line.position + p_line.points[i],
+                p_line.position + p_line.points[i + 1])
+        return self
+
+    func polygon(p_polygon: Polygon2D) -> Builder:
+        var points := p_polygon.polygon
+        for i in range(0, points.size() - 1):
+            target._add_segment(p_polygon.position + points[i],
+                p_polygon.position + points[i + 1])
+        target._add_segment(p_polygon.position + points[points.size() - 1],
+            p_polygon.position + points[0])
+        return self
+
+    func occluder(p_object: Object) -> Builder:
+        if p_object is Line2D:
+            return line(p_object)
+        elif p_object is Polygon2D:
+            return polygon(p_object)
+        else:
+            push_error("Unknown occluder type")
+            return self
+
+    func finalize():
+        target._finalize()
+
+func _add_segment(p_point0: Vector2, p_point1: Vector2):
+    var point0 := EndPoint.new()
+    var point1 := EndPoint.new()
+    point0.segment = _endpoints.size()
+    point1.segment = _endpoints.size()
+    point0.point = p_point0
+    point1.point = p_point1
+    _endpoints.append(point0)
+    _endpoints.append(point1)
+
+func init_builder() -> Builder:
+    # todo: Reuse
+    _endpoints.resize(0)
+    var result := Builder.new()
+    result.target = self
+    return result
+
+func _finalize():
+    # todo: Only needs to be done when endpoints or center is changed.
+    for segment in range(0, _endpoints.size(), 2):
+        var p1 := _endpoints[segment] as EndPoint
+        var p2 := _endpoints[segment + 1] as EndPoint
+        p1.angle = (p1.point - center).angle()
+        p2.angle = (p2.point - center).angle()
+        # todo: Simplify to one expression.
+        var da := p2.angle - p1.angle
+        if da <= PI: da += TAU
+        if da > PI: da -= TAU
+        p1.begin = da > 0.0
+        p2.begin = not p1.begin
+
+func _is_segment_in_front(p_segment1: int, p_segment2: int) -> bool:
+    var s1p1 := _endpoints[p_segment1].point as Vector2
+    var s1p2 := _endpoints[p_segment1 + 1].point as Vector2
+    var s2p1 := _endpoints[p_segment2].point as Vector2
+    var s2p2 := _endpoints[p_segment2 + 1].point as Vector2
+
+    # todo: Can we use something simpler than interpolation?
+    var d := s1p2 - s1p1
+    var p := s2p1.linear_interpolate(s2p2, 0.01)
+    var a1 := (d.x * (p.y - s1p1.y) \
+             - d.y * (p.x - s1p1.x)) < 0.0
+    p = s2p2.linear_interpolate(s2p1, 0.01)
+    var a2 := (d.x * (p.y - s1p1.y) \
+             - d.y * (p.x - s1p1.x)) < 0.0
+    var a3 := (d.x * (center.y - s1p1.y) \
+             - d.y * (center.x - s1p1.x)) < 0.0
+
+    if a1 == a2 and a2 == a3: return true
+
+    d = s2p2 - s2p1
+    p = s1p1.linear_interpolate(s1p2, 0.01)
+    var b1 := (d.x * (p.y - s2p1.y) \
+             - d.y * (p.x - s2p1.x)) < 0.0
+    p = s1p2.linear_interpolate(s1p1, 0.01)
+    var b2 := (d.x * (p.y - s2p1.y) \
+             - d.y * (p.x - s2p1.x)) < 0.0
+    var b3 := (d.x * (center.y - s2p1.y) \
+             - d.y * (center.x - s2p1.x)) < 0.0
+
+    return b1 == b2 and b2 != b3
+
+func sweep() -> PoolVector2Array:
+    output.resize(0)
+    # todo: Only duplicate and sort on change.
+    _sorted_endpoints = _endpoints.duplicate()
+    _sorted_endpoints.sort_custom(EndPoint, "sort")
+
+    var start_angle := 0.0
+
+    # todo: Inline passes.
+    for n_pass in range(2):
+        for p_idx in range(_sorted_endpoints.size() - 1, -1, -1):
+            var p := _sorted_endpoints[p_idx] as EndPoint
+            var old := -1 if _open.empty() else _open[0]
+
+            if p.begin:
+                var idx := 0
+                while idx < _open.size() and _is_segment_in_front(p.segment, _open[idx]):
+                    idx += 1
+                # warning-ignore:return_value_discarded
+                _open.insert(idx, p.segment)
+            else:
+                var idx := _open.rfind(p.segment)
+                if idx != -1: _open.remove(idx)
+                # todo: Second pass can assume that it will be found.
+                # _open.remove(_open.rfind(p.segment))
+
+            if old != (-1 if _open.empty() else _open[0]):
+                if n_pass == 1:
+                    # todo: Distance should be configurable.
+                    var p3 := _endpoints[old].point as Vector2 if old != -1 else \
+                        center + Vector2(cos(start_angle), sin(start_angle)) * 500.0
+                    var t2 := Vector2(cos(p.angle), sin(p.angle))
+                    var p4 := p3.direction_to(_endpoints[old + 1].point) if old != -1 else t2 
+
+                    var l = Geometry.line_intersects_line_2d(p3, p4, center,
+                        Vector2(cos(start_angle), sin(start_angle)))
+                    if l != null: output.append(l)
+                    l = Geometry.line_intersects_line_2d(p3, p4, center, t2)
+                    if l != null: output.append(l)
+
+                start_angle = p.angle
+
+    _open.resize(0)
+
+    return output
diff --git a/articles/2d-visibility/.static/example.gif b/articles/2d-visibility/.static/example.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd5567e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/2d-visibility/.static/example.gif
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:65366a427e891c5c3ac823fb038cce9224ce053526fc4d86259610a6cceecd9e
+size 35745
diff --git a/articles/hand-opt-simplex-2d/.static/noise.png b/articles/hand-opt-simplex-2d/.static/noise.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4d7f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/hand-opt-simplex-2d/.static/noise.png
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:1fbf413e324a1c979bccb5523ecac5d4a7775cc15ffadcea480b1172335c21e6
+size 777761
diff --git a/articles/incremental-delaunay/.static/incremental-delaunay.zig.txt b/articles/incremental-delaunay/.static/incremental-delaunay.zig.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d30bc6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/incremental-delaunay/.static/incremental-delaunay.zig.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+//! Based on: https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2020/cmsc754/Lects/lect13-delaun-alg.pdf
+//! Optimizations involved:
+//! - Cached neighbors for traversal.
+//! - Minimal memory footprint.
+//! - Cached circumferences.
+//! - No circumference calculations for new subdivisions, - circumferences of neighbors are used instead.
+//! - Lazy circumference calculation, as some places might not be neighboring new subdivisions.
+//! - Extensive use of vectorization.
+//! - Care given to linear access of memory.
+
+// todo: This method allows zero area triangles, we need to eliminate them.
+//       Points that lie on edges can be detected in pointRelation function by == 0 comparison.
+
+const std = @import("std");
+
+// Could be redefined as pleased, but i consider these to be most sensical for given implementation.
+pub const VertexComponent = f32;
+pub const Vertex = @Vector(2, VertexComponent);
+pub const Index = u15;
+pub const Area = GenericArea(VertexComponent);
+
+pub const Builder = struct {
+    triangles: std.ArrayList(Triangle),
+    vertices: std.ArrayList(Vertex),
+    allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
+
+    // todo: init with expected amount of points to preallocate beforehand.
+    pub fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, area: Area) !@This() {
+        var triangles = try std.ArrayList(Triangle).initCapacity(allocator, 2);
+        errdefer triangles.deinit();
+        var vertices = try std.ArrayList(Vertex).initCapacity(allocator, 4);
+        errdefer vertices.deinit();
+
+        try vertices.ensureUnusedCapacity(4);
+        try triangles.ensureUnusedCapacity(2);
+
+        for (area.corners()) |corner|
+            vertices.append(corner) catch unreachable;
+
+        triangles.append(Triangle{
+            .points = [3]Index{ 0, 2, 1 },
+            .neighbors = [3]?Index{ null, 1, null },
+        }) catch unreachable;
+
+        triangles.append(Triangle{
+            .points = [3]Index{ 3, 1, 2 },
+            .neighbors = [3]?Index{ null, 0, null },
+        }) catch unreachable;
+
+        return .{
+            .triangles = triangles,
+            .vertices = vertices,
+            .allocator = allocator,
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn insertAtRandom(self: *@This(), point: Vertex, generator: std.rand.Random) !void {
+        // Find a triangle the point lies starting from some random triangle.
+        var abc_index: Index = @intCast(generator.int(Index) % self.triangles.items.len);
+        var abc = &self.triangles.items[abc_index];
+
+        var relation = abc.pointRelation(self.vertices, point);
+        while (relation != .contained) {
+            abc_index = abc.neighbors[@intCast(@intFromEnum(relation))].?;
+            abc = &self.triangles.items[abc_index];
+            relation = abc.pointRelation(self.vertices, point);
+        }
+
+        // Allocate two new triangles, as well as new vertex.
+        const new_vertex_index: Index = @intCast(self.vertices.items.len);
+        try self.vertices.append(point);
+
+        const pbc_index: Index = @intCast(self.triangles.items.len);
+        const apc_index: Index = @intCast(self.triangles.items.len + 1);
+        try self.triangles.ensureUnusedCapacity(2);
+
+        // Divide the abc triangle into three.
+
+        abc = &self.triangles.items[abc_index];
+
+        // Insert pbc.
+        self.triangles.append(Triangle{
+            .points = [3]Index{ new_vertex_index, abc.points[1], abc.points[2] },
+            .neighbors = [3]?Index{ abc_index, abc.neighbors[1], apc_index },
+        }) catch unreachable;
+
+        // Insert apc.
+        self.triangles.append(Triangle{
+            .points = [3]Index{ abc.points[0], new_vertex_index, abc.points[2] },
+            .neighbors = [3]?Index{ abc_index, pbc_index, abc.neighbors[2] },
+        }) catch unreachable;
+
+        // Update neighbors to be aware of new triangles.
+        inline for (abc.neighbors[1..], [2]Index{ pbc_index, apc_index }) |n, e|
+            if (n) |i| {
+                const p = &self.triangles.items[i];
+                p.neighbors[p.neighborPosition(abc_index)] = e;
+            };
+
+        // Existing abc is reused.
+        abc.points[2] = new_vertex_index;
+        abc.neighbors[1] = pbc_index;
+        abc.neighbors[2] = apc_index;
+        abc.circumference = null;
+
+        // Recursively adjust edges of triangles so that circumferences are only encasing 3 points at a time.
+        // todo: Try inlining initial calls via @call(.always_inline, ...).
+        self.trySwapping(abc_index, 0);
+        self.trySwapping(pbc_index, 1);
+        self.trySwapping(apc_index, 2);
+    }
+
+    fn trySwapping(self: @This(), triangle_index: Index, edge: u2) void {
+        // First find opposite to edge point that lies in neighbor.
+        const triangle = &self.triangles.items[triangle_index];
+        const neighbor_index = triangle.neighbors[edge];
+        if (neighbor_index == null)
+            return;
+
+        const neighbor = &self.triangles.items[neighbor_index.?];
+
+        if (neighbor.circumference == null)
+            neighbor.circumference = Triangle.Circumference.init(neighbor.*, self.vertices);
+
+        // Position of neighbor's point opposide to shared with triangle edge.
+        const point_order = neighbor.nextAfter(triangle.points[edge]);
+        const point_index = neighbor.points[point_order];
+        const prev_edge = if (edge == 0) 2 else edge - 1;
+        if (neighbor.doesFailIncircleTest(self.vertices.items[triangle.points[prev_edge]])) {
+            // Incircle test failed, swap edges of two triangles and then try swapping newly swapped ones.
+            const next_edge = (edge + 1) % 3;
+            const next_point_order = (point_order + 1) % 3;
+            const prev_point_order = if (point_order == 0) 2 else point_order - 1;
+
+            // Update neighbors of triangles in which edge was swapped.
+            if (triangle.neighbors[next_edge]) |i| {
+                const n = &self.triangles.items[i];
+                n.neighbors[n.neighborPosition(triangle_index)] = neighbor_index.?;
+            }
+
+            if (neighbor.neighbors[prev_point_order]) |i| {
+                const n = &self.triangles.items[i];
+                n.neighbors[n.neighborPosition(neighbor_index.?)] = triangle_index;
+            }
+
+            const neighbor_prev_point_order_neighbor_index_cache = neighbor.neighbors[prev_point_order];
+
+            neighbor.points[prev_point_order] = triangle.points[prev_edge];
+            neighbor.neighbors[next_point_order] = triangle.neighbors[next_edge];
+            neighbor.neighbors[prev_point_order] = triangle_index;
+            neighbor.circumference = null;
+
+            triangle.points[next_edge] = point_index;
+            triangle.neighbors[next_edge] = neighbor_index.?;
+            triangle.neighbors[edge] = neighbor_prev_point_order_neighbor_index_cache;
+            triangle.circumference = null;
+
+            self.trySwapping(triangle_index, edge);
+            self.trySwapping(neighbor_index.?, point_order);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+const Triangle = struct {
+    // References to vertices it's composed of, named abc, in CCW orientation.
+    points: [3]Index,
+
+    // References to triangles that are on other side of any edge, if any.
+    // Order is: ab, bc, ca
+    neighbors: [3]?Index,
+
+    // Lazily calculated and cached for incircle tests.
+    circumference: ?Circumference = null,
+
+    pub const Circumference = struct {
+        center: Vertex,
+        radius_squared: VertexComponent, // todo: Way to get a type capable of holding squared values.
+
+        pub fn init(triangle: Triangle, vertices: std.ArrayList(Vertex)) @This() {
+            const a = vertices.items[triangle.points[0]];
+            const b = vertices.items[triangle.points[1]];
+            const c = vertices.items[triangle.points[2]];
+
+            const ab: Vertex = @splat(magnitudeSquared(a));
+            const cd: Vertex = @splat(magnitudeSquared(b));
+            const ef: Vertex = @splat(magnitudeSquared(c));
+
+            const cmb = @shuffle(VertexComponent, c - b, undefined, [2]i32{ 1, 0 });
+            const amc = @shuffle(VertexComponent, a - c, undefined, [2]i32{ 1, 0 });
+            const bma = @shuffle(VertexComponent, b - a, undefined, [2]i32{ 1, 0 });
+
+            const center = ((ab * cmb + cd * amc + ef * bma) / (a * cmb + b * amc + c * bma)) / @as(Vertex, @splat(2));
+
+            return .{
+                .center = center,
+                .radius_squared = magnitudeSquared(a - center),
+            };
+        }
+    };
+
+    // todo: Try perpendicular dot product approach.
+    pub fn pointRelation(self: @This(), vertices: std.ArrayList(Vertex), point: Vertex) enum(u2) {
+        outside_ab = 0,
+        outside_bc = 1,
+        outside_ca = 2,
+        contained = 3,
+    } {
+        const a = vertices.items[self.points[0]];
+        const b = vertices.items[self.points[1]];
+        const c = vertices.items[self.points[2]];
+
+        // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1560492/how-to-tell-whether-a-point-is-to-the-right-or-left-side-of-a-line
+
+        const p = point;
+
+        // Calculate cross products for all edges at once.
+        const q = @Vector(12, VertexComponent){ b[0], b[1], c[0], c[1], a[0], a[1], p[1], p[0], p[1], p[0], p[1], p[0] };
+        const w = @Vector(12, VertexComponent){ a[0], a[1], b[0], b[1], c[0], c[1], a[1], a[0], b[1], b[0], c[1], c[0] };
+        const e = q - w;
+
+        const r = @shuffle(VertexComponent, e, undefined, [6]i32{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 });
+        const t = @shuffle(VertexComponent, e, undefined, [6]i32{ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 });
+        const y = r * t;
+
+        const u = @shuffle(VertexComponent, y, undefined, [3]i32{ 0, 2, 4 });
+        const i = @shuffle(VertexComponent, y, undefined, [3]i32{ 1, 3, 5 });
+        const o = (u - i) > @Vector(3, VertexComponent){ 0, 0, 0 };
+
+        // const o = (u - i) <= @Vector(3, VertexComponent){ 0, 0, 0 };
+
+        // if (@reduce(.And, o))
+        //     return .contained
+        // else if (!o[0])
+        //     return .outside_ab
+        // else if (!o[1])
+        //     return .outside_bc
+        // else
+        //     return .outside_ca;
+
+        const mask = @as(u3, @intFromBool(o[0])) << 2 | @as(u3, @intFromBool(o[1])) << 1 | @as(u3, @intFromBool(o[2]));
+
+        return @enumFromInt(@clz(mask));
+    }
+
+    pub inline fn doesFailIncircleTest(self: @This(), point: Vertex) bool {
+        return magnitudeSquared(self.circumference.?.center - point) < self.circumference.?.radius_squared;
+    }
+
+    // todo: Shouldn't be here.
+    pub inline fn magnitudeSquared(p: Vertex) VertexComponent {
+        return @reduce(.Add, p * p);
+    }
+
+    // Finds which point comes after given one, by index, CCW.
+    // Used to translate point names when traveling between neighbors.
+    pub inline fn nextAfter(self: @This(), point_index: Index) u2 {
+        inline for (self.points, 0..) |p, i|
+            if (point_index == p)
+                return @intCast((i + 1) % 3);
+        unreachable;
+    }
+
+    pub inline fn neighborPosition(self: @This(), triangle_index: Index) usize {
+        inline for (self.neighbors, 0..) |n, i|
+            if (triangle_index == n)
+                return i;
+        unreachable;
+    }
+};
+
+pub fn GenericArea(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        // note: Upper-left origin is assumed, if second point lies left or up of first it willn't work.
+        xyxy: @Vector(4, T),
+
+        /// Order: Upperleft, upperright, bottomleft, bottomright.
+        pub fn corners(self: @This()) [4]@Vector(2, T) {
+            return [4]@Vector(2, T){
+                @Vector(2, T){ self.xyxy[0], self.xyxy[1] },
+                @Vector(2, T){ self.xyxy[2], self.xyxy[1] },
+                @Vector(2, T){ self.xyxy[0], self.xyxy[3] },
+                @Vector(2, T){ self.xyxy[2], self.xyxy[3] },
+            };
+        }
+    };
+}
diff --git a/articles/incremental-delaunay/.static/web.png b/articles/incremental-delaunay/.static/web.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e985a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles/incremental-delaunay/.static/web.png
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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